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tutorial.rst upgrading.rst ext/refcounting.py
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uninstall-local:
rm -rf $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)
clean-local:
rm -rf _build
rm -f ext/refcounting.pyc

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To build the documentation, invoke
make html
Then point your browser to _build/html/index.html.

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******************
Changes in Jansson
******************
.. include:: ../CHANGES

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Jansson documentation build configuration file, created by
# sphinx-quickstart on Sun Sep 5 21:47:20 2010.
#
# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
#
# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
# autogenerated file.
#
# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
# serve to show the default.
import sys, os
# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('ext'))
# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
needs_sphinx = '1.0'
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
extensions = ['refcounting']
# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
templates_path = ['_templates']
# The suffix of source filenames.
source_suffix = '.rst'
# The encoding of source files.
#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
# The master toctree document.
master_doc = 'index'
# General information about the project.
project = u'Jansson'
copyright = u'2009-2012, Petri Lehtinen'
# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
# built documents.
#
# The short X.Y version.
version = '2.4'
# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
release = version
# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
# for a list of supported languages.
#language = None
# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
# non-false value, then it is used:
#today = ''
# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
exclude_patterns = ['_build']
# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
default_role = 'c:func'
primary_domain = 'c'
# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
#add_function_parentheses = True
# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
# unit titles (such as .. function::).
#add_module_names = True
# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
# output. They are ignored by default.
#show_authors = False
# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
pygments_style = 'sphinx'
# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
#modindex_common_prefix = []
# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for
# a list of builtin themes.
#html_theme = 'default'
# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the
# documentation.
#html_theme_options = {}
# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
#html_theme_path = []
# The name for this set of Sphinx documents. If None, it defaults to
# "<project> v<release> documentation".
#html_title = None
# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title.
#html_short_title = None
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
# of the sidebar.
#html_logo = None
# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
# docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
# pixels large.
#html_favicon = None
# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
#html_static_path = ['_static']
# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
# using the given strftime format.
#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
# typographically correct entities.
#html_use_smartypants = True
# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
#html_sidebars = {}
# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
# template names.
#html_additional_pages = {}
# If false, no module index is generated.
#html_domain_indices = True
# If false, no index is generated.
#html_use_index = True
# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
#html_split_index = False
# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
#html_show_sourcelink = True
# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
#html_show_sphinx = True
# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
#html_show_copyright = True
# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
# contain a <link> tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the
# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
#html_use_opensearch = ''
# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
#html_file_suffix = None
# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
htmlhelp_basename = 'Janssondoc'
# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
#latex_font_size = '10pt'
# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
latex_documents = [
('index', 'Jansson.tex', u'Jansson Documentation',
u'Petri Lehtinen', 'manual'),
]
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
# the title page.
#latex_logo = None
# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
# not chapters.
#latex_use_parts = False
# If true, show page references after internal links.
#latex_show_pagerefs = False
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
#latex_show_urls = False
# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
#latex_preamble = ''
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
#latex_appendices = []
# If false, no module index is generated.
#latex_domain_indices = True
# -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------------
# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
man_pages = [
('index', 'jansson', u'Jansson Documentation',
[u'Petri Lehtinen'], 1)
]

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.. _rfc-conformance:
***************
RFC Conformance
***************
JSON is specified in :rfc:`4627`, *"The application/json Media Type
for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)"*.
Character Encoding
==================
Jansson only supports UTF-8 encoded JSON texts. It does not support or
auto-detect any of the other encodings mentioned in the RFC, namely
UTF-16LE, UTF-16BE, UTF-32LE or UTF-32BE. Pure ASCII is supported, as
it's a subset of UTF-8.
Strings
=======
JSON strings are mapped to C-style null-terminated character arrays,
and UTF-8 encoding is used internally. Strings may not contain
embedded null characters, not even escaped ones.
For example, trying to decode the following JSON text leads to a parse
error::
["this string contains the null character: \u0000"]
All other Unicode codepoints U+0001 through U+10FFFF are allowed.
Unicode normalization or any other transformation is never performed
on any strings (string values or object keys). When checking for
equivalence of strings or object keys, the comparison is performed
byte by byte between the original UTF-8 representations of the
strings.
Numbers
=======
Real vs. Integer
----------------
JSON makes no distinction between real and integer numbers; Jansson
does. Real numbers are mapped to the ``double`` type and integers to
the ``json_int_t`` type, which is a typedef of ``long long`` or
``long``, depending on whether ``long long`` is supported by your
compiler or not.
A JSON number is considered to be a real number if its lexical
representation includes one of ``e``, ``E``, or ``.``; regardless if
its actual numeric value is a true integer (e.g., all of ``1E6``,
``3.0``, ``400E-2``, and ``3.14E3`` are mathematical integers, but
will be treated as real values).
All other JSON numbers are considered integers.
When encoding to JSON, real values are always represented
with a fractional part; e.g., the ``double`` value 3.0 will be
represented in JSON as ``3.0``, not ``3``.
Overflow, Underflow & Precision
-------------------------------
Real numbers whose absolute values are too small to be represented in
a C ``double`` will be silently estimated with 0.0. Thus, depending on
platform, JSON numbers very close to zero such as 1E-999 may result in
0.0.
Real numbers whose absolute values are too large to be represented in
a C ``double`` will result in an overflow error (a JSON decoding
error). Thus, depending on platform, JSON numbers like 1E+999 or
-1E+999 may result in a parsing error.
Likewise, integer numbers whose absolute values are too large to be
represented in the ``json_int_t`` type (see above) will result in an
overflow error (a JSON decoding error). Thus, depending on platform,
JSON numbers like 1000000000000000 may result in parsing error.
Parsing JSON real numbers may result in a loss of precision. As long
as overflow does not occur (i.e. a total loss of precision), the
rounded approximate value is silently used. Thus the JSON number
1.000000000000000005 may, depending on platform, result in the
``double`` value 1.0.
Signed zeros
------------
JSON makes no statement about what a number means; however Javascript
(ECMAscript) does state that +0.0 and -0.0 must be treated as being
distinct values, i.e. -0.0 |not-equal| 0.0. Jansson relies on the
underlying floating point library in the C environment in which it is
compiled. Therefore it is platform-dependent whether 0.0 and -0.0 will
be distinct values. Most platforms that use the IEEE 754
floating-point standard will support signed zeros.
Note that this only applies to floating-point; neither JSON, C, or
IEEE support the concept of signed integer zeros.
.. |not-equal| unicode:: U+2260
Types
-----
No support is provided in Jansson for any C numeric types other than
``json_int_t`` and ``double``. This excludes things such as unsigned
types, ``long double``, etc. Obviously, shorter types like ``short``,
``int``, ``long`` (if ``json_int_t`` is ``long long``) and ``float``
are implicitly handled via the ordinary C type coercion rules (subject
to overflow semantics). Also, no support or hooks are provided for any
supplemental "bignum" type add-on packages.

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"""
refcounting
~~~~~~~~~~~
Reference count annotations for C API functions. Has the same
result as the sphinx.ext.refcounting extension but works for all
functions regardless of the signature, and the reference counting
information is written inline with the documentation instead of a
separate file.
Adds a new directive "refcounting". The directive has no content
and one required positional parameter:: "new" or "borrow".
Example:
.. cfunction:: json_t *json_object(void)
.. refcounting:: new
<description of the json_object function>
:copyright: Copyright (c) 2009-2012 Petri Lehtinen <petri@digip.org>
:license: MIT, see LICENSE for details.
"""
from docutils import nodes
class refcounting(nodes.emphasis): pass
def visit(self, node):
self.visit_emphasis(node)
def depart(self, node):
self.depart_emphasis(node)
def html_visit(self, node):
self.body.append(self.starttag(node, 'em', '', CLASS='refcount'))
def html_depart(self, node):
self.body.append('</em>')
def refcounting_directive(name, arguments, options, content, lineno,
content_offset, block_text, state, state_machine):
if arguments[0] == 'borrow':
text = 'Return value: Borrowed reference.'
elif arguments[0] == 'new':
text = 'Return value: New reference.'
else:
raise Error('Valid arguments: new, borrow')
return [refcounting(text, text)]
def setup(app):
app.add_node(refcounting,
html=(html_visit, html_depart),
latex=(visit, depart),
text=(visit, depart))
app.add_directive('refcounting', refcounting_directive, 0, (1, 0, 0))

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***************
Getting Started
***************
.. highlight:: c
Compiling and Installing Jansson
================================
The Jansson source is available at
http://www.digip.org/jansson/releases/.
Unix-like systems (including MinGW)
-----------------------------------
Unpack the source tarball and change to the source directory:
.. parsed-literal::
bunzip2 -c jansson-|release|.tar.bz2 | tar xf -
cd jansson-|release|
The source uses GNU Autotools (autoconf_, automake_, libtool_), so
compiling and installing is extremely simple::
./configure
make
make check
make install
To change the destination directory (``/usr/local`` by default), use
the ``--prefix=DIR`` argument to ``./configure``. See ``./configure
--help`` for the list of all possible installation options. (There are
no options to customize the resulting Jansson binary.)
The command ``make check`` runs the test suite distributed with
Jansson. This step is not strictly necessary, but it may find possible
problems that Jansson has on your platform. If any problems are found,
please report them.
If you obtained the source from a Git repository (or any other source
control system), there's no ``./configure`` script as it's not kept in
version control. To create the script, the build system needs to be
bootstrapped. There are many ways to do this, but the easiest one is
to use ``autoreconf``::
autoreconf -vi
This command creates the ``./configure`` script, which can then be
used as described above.
.. _autoconf: http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/
.. _automake: http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/
.. _libtool: http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/
Windows
-------
Jansson can be built with Visual Studio 2010 (and probably newer
versions, too). The solution and project files are in the
``win32/vs2010/`` directory in the source distribution.
Other Systems
-------------
On non Unix-like systems, you may be unable to run the ``./configure``
script. In this case, follow these steps. All the files mentioned can
be found in the ``src/`` directory.
1. Create ``jansson_config.h`` (which has some platform-specific
parameters that are normally filled in by the ``./configure``
script). Edit ``jansson_config.h.in``, replacing all ``@variable@``
placeholders, and rename the file to ``jansson_config.h``.
2. Make ``jansson.h`` and ``jansson_config.h`` available to the
compiler, so that they can be found when compiling programs that
use Jansson.
3. Compile all the ``.c`` files (in the ``src/`` directory) into a
library file. Make the library available to the compiler, as in
step 2.
Building the Documentation
--------------------------
(This subsection describes how to build the HTML documentation you are
currently reading, so it can be safely skipped.)
Documentation is in the ``doc/`` subdirectory. It's written in
reStructuredText_ with Sphinx_ annotations. To generate the HTML
documentation, invoke::
make html
and point your browser to ``doc/_build/html/index.html``. Sphinx_ 1.0
or newer is required to generate the documentation.
.. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
.. _Sphinx: http://sphinx.pocoo.org/
Compiling Programs that Use Jansson
===================================
Jansson involves one C header file, :file:`jansson.h`, so it's enough
to put the line
::
#include <jansson.h>
in the beginning of every source file that uses Jansson.
There's also just one library to link with, ``libjansson``. Compile and
link the program as follows::
cc -o prog prog.c -ljansson
Starting from version 1.2, there's also support for pkg-config_::
cc -o prog prog.c `pkg-config --cflags --libs jansson`
.. _pkg-config: http://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/

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/*
* Copyright (c) 2009-2012 Petri Lehtinen <petri@digip.org>
*
* Jansson is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the MIT license. See LICENSE for details.
*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <jansson.h>
#include <curl/curl.h>
#define BUFFER_SIZE (256 * 1024) /* 256 KB */
#define URL_FORMAT "https://api.github.com/repos/%s/%s/commits"
#define URL_SIZE 256
/* Return the offset of the first newline in text or the length of
text if there's no newline */
static int newline_offset(const char *text)
{
const char *newline = strchr(text, '\n');
if(!newline)
return strlen(text);
else
return (int)(newline - text);
}
struct write_result
{
char *data;
int pos;
};
static size_t write_response(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *stream)
{
struct write_result *result = (struct write_result *)stream;
if(result->pos + size * nmemb >= BUFFER_SIZE - 1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: too small buffer\n");
return 0;
}
memcpy(result->data + result->pos, ptr, size * nmemb);
result->pos += size * nmemb;
return size * nmemb;
}
static char *request(const char *url)
{
CURL *curl;
CURLcode status;
char *data;
long code;
curl = curl_easy_init();
data = malloc(BUFFER_SIZE);
if(!curl || !data)
return NULL;
struct write_result write_result = {
.data = data,
.pos = 0
};
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_response);
curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &write_result);
status = curl_easy_perform(curl);
if(status != 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: unable to request data from %s:\n", url);
fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", curl_easy_strerror(status));
return NULL;
}
curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &code);
if(code != 200)
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: server responded with code %ld\n", code);
return NULL;
}
curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
curl_global_cleanup();
/* zero-terminate the result */
data[write_result.pos] = '\0';
return data;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
size_t i;
char *text;
char url[URL_SIZE];
json_t *root;
json_error_t error;
if(argc != 3)
{
fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s USER REPOSITORY\n\n", argv[0]);
fprintf(stderr, "List commits at USER's REPOSITORY.\n\n");
return 2;
}
snprintf(url, URL_SIZE, URL_FORMAT, argv[1], argv[2]);
text = request(url);
if(!text)
return 1;
root = json_loads(text, 0, &error);
free(text);
if(!root)
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: on line %d: %s\n", error.line, error.text);
return 1;
}
if(!json_is_array(root))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: root is not an array\n");
return 1;
}
for(i = 0; i < json_array_size(root); i++)
{
json_t *data, *sha, *commit, *message;
const char *message_text;
data = json_array_get(root, i);
if(!json_is_object(data))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: commit data %d is not an object\n", i + 1);
return 1;
}
sha = json_object_get(data, "sha");
if(!json_is_string(sha))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: sha is not a string\n", i + 1);
return 1;
}
commit = json_object_get(data, "commit");
if(!json_is_object(commit))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: commit is not an object\n", i + 1);
return 1;
}
message = json_object_get(commit, "message");
if(!json_is_string(message))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: message is not a string\n", i + 1);
return 1;
}
message_text = json_string_value(message);
printf("%.8s %.*s\n",
json_string_value(sha),
newline_offset(message_text),
message_text);
}
json_decref(root);
return 0;
}

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Jansson Documentation
=====================
This is the documentation for Jansson_ |release|, last updated |today|.
Introduction
------------
Jansson_ is a C library for encoding, decoding and manipulating JSON
data. Its main features and design principles are:
- Simple and intuitive API and data model
- Comprehensive documentation
- No dependencies on other libraries
- Full Unicode support (UTF-8)
- Extensive test suite
Jansson is licensed under the `MIT license`_; see LICENSE in the
source distribution for details.
Jansson is used in production and its API is stable. It works on
numerous platforms, including numerous Unix like systems and Windows.
It's suitable for use on any system, including desktop, server, and
small embedded systems.
.. _`MIT license`: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
.. _Jansson: http://www.digip.org/jansson/
Contents
--------
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
gettingstarted
upgrading
tutorial
conformance
portability
apiref
changes
Indices and Tables
==================
* :ref:`genindex`
* :ref:`search`

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***********
Portability
***********
Thread safety
-------------
Jansson is thread safe and has no mutable global state. The only
exception are the memory allocation functions, that should be set at
most once, and only on program startup. See
:ref:`apiref-custom-memory-allocation`.
There's no locking performed inside Jansson's code, so a multithreaded
program must perform its own locking if JSON values are shared by
multiple threads. Jansson's reference counting semantics may make this
a bit harder than it seems, as it's possible to have a reference to a
value that's also stored inside a list or object. Modifying the
container (adding or removing values) may trigger concurrent access to
such values, as containers manage the reference count of their
contained values. Bugs involving concurrent incrementing or
decrementing of deference counts may be hard to track.
The encoding functions (:func:`json_dumps()` and friends) track
reference loops by modifying the internal state of objects and arrays.
For this reason, encoding functions must not be run on the same JSON
values in two separate threads at the same time. As already noted
above, be especially careful if two arrays or objects share their
contained values with another array or object.
If you want to make sure that two JSON value hierarchies do not
contain shared values, use :func:`json_deep_copy()` to make copies.
Locale
------
Jansson works fine under any locale.
However, if the host program is multithreaded and uses ``setlocale()``
to switch the locale in one thread while Jansson is currently encoding
or decoding JSON data in another thread, the result may be wrong or
the program may even crash.
Jansson uses locale specific functions for certain string conversions
in the encoder and decoder, and then converts the locale specific
values to/from the JSON representation. This fails if the locale
changes between the string conversion and the locale-to-JSON
conversion. This can only happen in multithreaded programs that use
``setlocale()``, because ``setlocale()`` switches the locale for all
running threads, not only the thread that calls ``setlocale()``.
If your program uses ``setlocale()`` as described above, consider
using the thread-safe ``uselocale()`` instead.

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.. _tutorial:
********
Tutorial
********
.. highlight:: c
In this tutorial, we create a program that fetches the latest commits
of a repository in GitHub_ over the web. `GitHub API`_ uses JSON, so
the result can be parsed using Jansson.
To stick to the the scope of this tutorial, we will only cover the the
parts of the program related to handling JSON data. For the best user
experience, the full source code is available:
:download:`github_commits.c`. To compile it (on Unix-like systems with
gcc), use the following command::
gcc -o github_commits github_commits.c -ljansson -lcurl
libcurl_ is used to communicate over the web, so it is required to
compile the program.
The command line syntax is::
github_commits USER REPOSITORY
``USER`` is a GitHub user ID and ``REPOSITORY`` is the repository
name. Please note that the GitHub API is rate limited, so if you run
the program too many times within a short period of time, the sever
starts to respond with an error.
.. _GitHub: https://github.com/
.. _GitHub API: http://developer.github.com/
.. _libcurl: http://curl.haxx.se/
.. _tutorial-github-commits-api:
The GitHub Repo Commits API
===========================
The `GitHub Repo Commits API`_ is used by sending HTTP requests to
URLs like ``https://api.github.com/repos/USER/REPOSITORY/commits``,
where ``USER`` and ``REPOSITORY`` are the GitHub user ID and the name
of the repository whose commits are to be listed, respectively.
GitHub responds with a JSON array of the following form:
.. code-block:: none
[
{
"sha": "<the commit ID>",
"commit": {
"message": "<the commit message>",
<more fields, not important to this tutorial...>
},
<more fields...>
},
{
"sha": "<the commit ID>",
"commit": {
"message": "<the commit message>",
<more fields...>
},
<more fields...>
},
<more commits...>
]
In our program, the HTTP request is sent using the following
function::
static char *request(const char *url);
It takes the URL as a parameter, preforms a HTTP GET request, and
returns a newly allocated string that contains the response body. If
the request fails, an error message is printed to stderr and the
return value is *NULL*. For full details, refer to :download:`the code
<github_commits.c>`, as the actual implementation is not important
here.
.. _GitHub Repo Commits API: http://developer.github.com/v3/repos/commits/
.. _tutorial-the-program:
The Program
===========
First the includes::
#include <string.h>
#include <jansson.h>
Like all the programs using Jansson, we need to include
:file:`jansson.h`.
The following definitions are used to build the GitHub API request
URL::
#define URL_FORMAT "https://api.github.com/repos/%s/%s/commits"
#define URL_SIZE 256
The following function is used when formatting the result to find the
first newline in the commit message::
/* Return the offset of the first newline in text or the length of
text if there's no newline */
static int newline_offset(const char *text)
{
const char *newline = strchr(text, '\n');
if(!newline)
return strlen(text);
else
return (int)(newline - text);
}
The main function follows. In the beginning, we first declare a bunch
of variables and check the command line parameters::
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
size_t i;
char *text;
char url[URL_SIZE];
json_t *root;
json_error_t error;
if(argc != 3)
{
fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s USER REPOSITORY\n\n", argv[0]);
fprintf(stderr, "List commits at USER's REPOSITORY.\n\n");
return 2;
}
Then we build the request URL using the user and repository names
given as command line parameters::
snprintf(url, URL_SIZE, URL_FORMAT, argv[1], argv[2]);
This uses the ``URL_SIZE`` and ``URL_FORMAT`` constants defined above.
Now we're ready to actually request the JSON data over the web::
text = request(url);
if(!text)
return 1;
If an error occurs, our function ``request`` prints the error and
returns *NULL*, so it's enough to just return 1 from the main
function.
Next we'll call :func:`json_loads()` to decode the JSON text we got
as a response::
root = json_loads(text, 0, &error);
free(text);
if(!root)
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: on line %d: %s\n", error.line, error.text);
return 1;
}
We don't need the JSON text anymore, so we can free the ``text``
variable right after decoding it. If :func:`json_loads()` fails, it
returns *NULL* and sets error information to the :type:`json_error_t`
structure given as the second parameter. In this case, our program
prints the error information out and returns 1 from the main function.
Now we're ready to extract the data out of the decoded JSON response.
The structure of the response JSON was explained in section
:ref:`tutorial-github-commits-api`.
We check that the returned value really is an array::
if(!json_is_array(root))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: root is not an array\n");
return 1;
}
Then we proceed to loop over all the commits in the array::
for(i = 0; i < json_array_size(root); i++)
{
json_t *data, *sha, *commit, *message;
const char *message_text;
data = json_array_get(root, i);
if(!json_is_object(data))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: commit data %d is not an object\n", i + 1);
return 1;
}
...
The function :func:`json_array_size()` returns the size of a JSON
array. First, we again declare some variables and then extract the
i'th element of the ``root`` array using :func:`json_array_get()`.
We also check that the resulting value is a JSON object.
Next we'll extract the commit ID (a hexadecimal SHA-1 sum),
intermediate commit info object, and the commit message from that
object. We also do proper type checks::
sha = json_object_get(data, "sha");
if(!json_is_string(sha))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: sha is not a string\n", i + 1);
return 1;
}
commit = json_object_get(data, "commit");
if(!json_is_object(commit))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: commit is not an object\n", i + 1);
return 1;
}
message = json_object_get(commit, "message");
if(!json_is_string(message))
{
fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: message is not a string\n", i + 1);
return 1;
}
...
And finally, we'll print the first 8 characters of the commit ID and
the first line of the commit message. A C-style string is extracted
from a JSON string using :func:`json_string_value()`::
message_text = json_string_value(message);
printf("%.8s %.*s\n",
json_string_value(id),
newline_offset(message_text),
message_text);
}
After sending the HTTP request, we decoded the JSON text using
:func:`json_loads()`, remember? It returns a *new reference* to the
JSON value it decodes. When we're finished with the value, we'll need
to decrease the reference count using :func:`json_decref()`. This way
Jansson can release the resources::
json_decref(root);
return 0;
For a detailed explanation of reference counting in Jansson, see
:ref:`apiref-reference-count` in :ref:`apiref`.
The program's ready, let's test it and view the latest commits in
Jansson's repository::
$ ./github_commits akheron jansson
1581f26a Merge branch '2.3'
aabfd493 load: Change buffer_pos to be a size_t
bd72efbd load: Avoid unexpected behaviour in macro expansion
e8fd3e30 Document and tweak json_load_callback()
873eddaf Merge pull request #60 from rogerz/contrib
bd2c0c73 Ignore the binary test_load_callback
17a51a4b Merge branch '2.3'
09c39adc Add json_load_callback to the list of exported symbols
cbb80baf Merge pull request #57 from rogerz/contrib
040bd7b0 Add json_load_callback()
2637faa4 Make test stripping locale independent
<...>
Conclusion
==========
In this tutorial, we implemented a program that fetches the latest
commits of a GitHub repository using the GitHub Repo Commits API.
Jansson was used to decode the JSON response and to extract the commit
data.
This tutorial only covered a small part of Jansson. For example, we
did not create or manipulate JSON values at all. Proceed to
:ref:`apiref` to explore all features of Jansson.

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.. highlight:: c
******************
Upgrading from 1.x
******************
This chapter lists the backwards incompatible changes introduced in
Jansson 2.0, and the steps that are needed for upgrading your code.
**The incompatibilities are not dramatic.** The biggest change is that
all decoding functions now require and extra parameter. Most programs
can be modified to work with 2.0 by adding a ``0`` as the second
parameter to all calls of :func:`json_loads()`, :func:`json_loadf()`
and :func:`json_load_file()`.
Compatibility
=============
Jansson 2.0 is backwards incompatible with the Jansson 1.x releases.
It is ABI incompatible, i.e. all programs dynamically linking to the
Jansson library need to be recompiled. It's also API incompatible,
i.e. the source code of programs using Jansson 1.x may need
modifications to make them compile against Jansson 2.0.
All the 2.x releases are guaranteed to be backwards compatible for
both ABI and API, so no recompilation or source changes are needed
when upgrading from 2.x to 2.y.
List of Incompatible Changes
============================
**Decoding flags**
For future needs, a ``flags`` parameter was added as the second
parameter to all decoding functions, i.e. :func:`json_loads()`,
:func:`json_loadf()` and :func:`json_load_file()`. All calls to
these functions need to be changed by adding a ``0`` as the second
argument. For example::
/* old code */
json_loads(input, &error);
/* new code */
json_loads(input, 0, &error);
**Underlying type of JSON integers**
The underlying C type of JSON integers has been changed from
:type:`int` to the widest available signed integer type, i.e.
:type:`long long` or :type:`long`, depending on whether
:type:`long long` is supported on your system or not. This makes
the whole 64-bit integer range available on most modern systems.
``jansson.h`` has a typedef :type:`json_int_t` to the underlying
integer type. :type:`int` should still be used in most cases when
dealing with smallish JSON integers, as the compiler handles
implicit type coercion. Only when the full 64-bit range is needed,
:type:`json_int_t` should be explicitly used.
**Maximum encoder indentation depth**
The maximum argument of the ``JSON_INDENT()`` macro has been
changed from 255 to 31, to free up bits from the ``flags``
parameter of :func:`json_dumps()`, :func:`json_dumpf()` and
:func:`json_dump_file()`. If your code uses a bigger indentation
than 31, it needs to be changed.
**Unsigned integers in API functions**
Version 2.0 unifies unsigned integer usage in the API. All uses of
:type:`unsigned int` and :type:`unsigned long` have been replaced
with :type:`size_t`. This includes flags, container sizes, etc.
This should not require source code changes, as both
:type:`unsigned int` and :type:`unsigned long` are usually
compatible with :type:`size_t`.